耶鲁大学2022年开学演讲：受制于世界变局，你要学会识别事实和谎言！

至是无中生有的侵扰。在这一更进一步中的，专业自然科学遭受质疑，自然科学挖掘出和社就会科学研究面临考验——断言上，这些同样都是一种对奥秘的侵犯。近乎每天都有这样的事情起因：美联社称有人全家人“挖掘出”研究团队们得出的新冠白血病病毒有关事实有误；网友又编织出了全新的、捏造的臆测；我们相提并论的历史文化断言也被当权者之人包庇。

Here are five brief examples: Earlier this year, some in our country, including those in positions of leadership, depicted a violent mob’s attempt to disrupt the most basic functioning of our democracy by denying an election outcome as “legitimate political discourse.”

这底下列举5个简短的值得注意：年初，新泽西州一些人（包括处于领导独立官能的人）把连串企图颠覆我们民主制度基础和支持选举制度的强盗暴力行为被称作“允许的政治官能确实行动”。

As destructive wildfires, severe drought in some places, and historic flooding in others portend a catastrophic climate emergency, we see those faithful to unfounded skepticism disregard overwhelming scientific consensus. In some counties in the United States, half of the residents still do not believe global climate change is real.

当毁灭官能的山火、局部不堪重负寒冷和历史文化鲜见的洪水等昭示着灾难官能的寒冷同样时，一些人却信佛捏造的怀疑论，不顾较广成立起的自然科学一致。在新泽西州的一些城北底下，一半的当地人还不或许世界各地寒冷变化恰巧确实地起因着。

In recent months, Vladimir Putin has propagated misinformation about rooting out Nazis as the motivation for his unprovoked invasion of Ukraine. Social media platforms he been mobilized to incite or stoke ethnic violence by propagating falsehoods in countries like Myanmar and Ethiopia.

都只几个月初，人们关于俄乌战事的冲动被曲解和激化。人际媒体游戏平台上，有些人通过宣传误导性段落激怒种族主义冲动，比如在缅甸和埃塞俄比亚所起因的事。

And finally, a recent defamation trial focused on a notorious conspiracy theorist who claims that the murder of twenty school children and six s in Sandy Hook, Connecticut—about a half-hour’s drive from here—was staged by the U.S. government. Of course, spreading misinformation is not new. History teems with the haunting consequences of lies.

都只的一桩诽谤罪判案中的，一位臭名昭著的臆测者称起因在相距加州学院伯克利分校校区内平均半小时车程的康涅狄格州桑迪胡克失踪案（20名小的学生和6名成年人在此次事故中的丧生）系新泽西州但政府所为。当然，传播几天后早已不是什么新鲜事了。历史文化充满著着骗局招致的恶果。

Philosopher Hannah Arendt—on whom Yale bestowed an honorary degree in 1971—writes of some of humanity’s darkest chapters and the malignant regimes that authored them: “the ideal subject of totalitarian rule is not the convinced Nazi or the convinced Communist.” It is rather, Arendt continues, “people for whom the distinction between fact and fiction (i.e., the reality of experience) and the distinction between true and false (i.e., the standards of thought) no longer exist.”

20世纪形而上学家Hannah Arendt，曾因1971年取得加州学院伯克利分校名誉学位。她在述说理官能恶魔和残酷的政权时写道，真恰巧的的政权主体不是某一党派的坚定支应以者，而是那些对断言与杜撰，恰巧确与错误不加区分的人。

Yes, malevolence can feast on the environment devoid of Veritas. And at stake, therefore, in the abiding search for truth is humanity itself.

没错，嘲弄可以在缺少奥秘的周边环境中的猖獗。因此，在对奥秘的应以续官能探索中的，理官能本身也孤立无援。

For our part, colleges and universities must combat the spread of misinformation, propaganda, and conjured conspiracy theories first by supporting faculty; they generate scientific data and scholarly insight. Faculty must be free to disseminate knowledge and teach you to think critically about ideas and their sources.

就加州学院伯克利分校而言，院校不能首先通过支应以教师来反击误导性的资讯、阻拦激怒和臆造臆测的传播，因为他们所来作的恰巧是利用自然科学图表并明确就是指出社就会科学看法。助教们不能能够自由地传授自然科学，并教的学生批判官能地探讨各种论调及其比如说。

But to do so effectively, our institutions of higher education—faculty and students—must be open to engaging with diverse ideas, whether conventional or unconventional, of the left or of the right. It is Yale’s obligation to address the credibility crisis, for we he long stood for the pursuit of truth and devoted ourselves to it.

但要直接来作到这一点，高等民俗教育体系中的的老师和的学生都不能对多元的观念保应以免费，无论是传统还是非传统的，激进派还是自由派。加州学院伯克利分校学院长期以来亦然并作出贡献对奥秘的守城，因此我们有政治责任补救公恰巧官能危机。

Colleges and universities like Yale are home to artists, scholars, scientists, and practitioners who spend their entire lives searching for truth. Yet, the growing polarization in society around ideas, whether embraced or eschewed by a particular faction, impedes this search, and threatens to erode public confidence in expertise, minimizing the impact of universities precisely when unvarnished truth is so desperately needed.

对于穷极平生坚信奥秘的艺术创作家、人类学家、研究团队与队内实践者们，像加州学院伯克利分校这样的学院是他们的家园。然而，社就会上论调的极化，无论是否被某一特定政治派别所不感兴趣，都显然致使了坚信奥秘的进程，也将就会盘踞公众对专业自然科学的信心，并在人们亟需纯粹的事件真相时消解着学院的因素力。

Faculty and students—indeed the university itself—will be viewed as reliable sources of information if we do not appear closed off to unpopular or otherwise nonmainstream ideas from thoughtful individuals responsibly articulated. Most Americans still he a positive view of universities and consider a college education important for future success. But confidence that higher education has a salubrious impact on society is eroded by a belief that we will not engage with ideas that challenge us.

则有观念的人诚实地阐述了不有名气的或另类的论调，而我们对此保应以免费，那么中大乃至整个学院将被视作有效率的资讯的比如说。大多数新泽西州人仅仅对学院应以有大力看法，看来学院民俗教育对一个人的下一代发挥着举足轻重的作用。但是，对于高等民俗教育将为社就会带来有益因素的信心却被一种质疑所崩塌，那就是我们不愿不感兴趣同样的声音。

Let me discuss a familiar example: that there has been a steady decline in the percentage of college students who believe the freedom to express unpopular points of view is secure. Actually, it is a myth that students do not want their campuses to be home to a broad range of perspectives. Recent opinion polling by the Knight Foundation confirms that most students believe it is more important to be exposed to all types of speech than to protect people by prohibiting offensive or biased speech.[5] What some refer to as “cancel culture” is not the dominant ideology of students.

或者说有些人或许，的学生中的看来可以安全地刊发不有名气的论调的分之一在升高。确实可能会绝非如此，的学生们不愿校区内被选为多元论调的汇聚之地是一个谣言。根据新泽西州布朗基金就会（Knight Foudation）都只的一项调查结果，大多数的学生看来接触各类人身攻击比通过禁止冒犯官能或种族歧视官能的人身攻击来保护大家更为举足轻重。一些人所说的“取消民俗”并不是的学生群体的主流观念。

Here at Yale, which is home to the country’s oldest collegiate debate society, students across the political spectrum can engage in spirited, yet civil discussions. Yale College students he selected Hillary Clinton as a Class Day speaker and honored both George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush as Yale Undergraduate Lifetime Achievement Award recipients. And the university has hosted interactions between individuals with ideological differences, such as a recent conversation between Emily Bazelon and Ross Douthat, and another one among four former Secretaries of State, Democrats and Republicans.

加州学院伯克利分校拥有新泽西州历史文化最悠久的学院讨论民俗，应以有任何政治官能立场的的学生都可以加入到激烈而文明的讨论中的。在加州学院伯克利分校，你就会看着新泽西州民主制度党籍政治官能家、加州学院伯克利分校法学院73届教职员工希拉底下·克林顿作为加州学院伯克利分校学院在校学生本科毕业日的邀请嘉宾就职演说，也就会看着民主制度共和党派、新泽西州前前总统布希兄弟曾获加州学院伯克利分校学院在校学生终其一生成就金奖。同时，加州学院伯克利分校学院为应以有并不相达成协议识形态的人提专用互动机就会，比如此前连串对话中的齐聚了来自两党的四任新泽西州前国务卿。

But let’s be frank. It can be difficult to articulate unpopular views on college campuses. That Knight Foundation survey I cited a moment ago suggests that only about half of all students feel “comfortable offering dissenting opinions.”

但是坦白来讲，在校区内底下刊发不有名气的看法的确有些吃力。我刚提到的布朗基金就会调查结果也显示，只有大平均一半的的学生“能够自如地表达出来并不相达成协议见”。

So, we need to build on an existing desire among students to engage each day—in classrooms, dining halls, and meeting spaces—with different viewpoints and to appreciate the importance of expressing their disagreement with one another. Indeed, in a university setting, we must be able to distinguish—emphatically—legitimate dissent from outright deceit. We must make room for beliefs we find objectionable as faithfully as we reject falsehoods we know to be lies.

因此，我们需要提升的学生每天在教室、餐厅和就会议室内与并不相同论调探讨的应以续官能渴望，并注意到向他人表达出来并不相同看法的举足轻重官能。断言上，在学院这个周边环境中的，我们不能能够将恰巧当的对此与彻头彻尾的骗局区分显现出来，不能坚定地为难以置信不悦的真知灼见留有空间，恰巧如我们驳斥无中生有时一样坚定。

And we must, therefore, nurture a bias toward openness, even—and especially—when this ethos exposes us to points of view that test our most strongly held assumptions. Such a climate affords the search for truth—and the credibility necessary to trust it.

因此，我们不能培养一种免费的态度，尤其是当我们最根深蒂固的观念受到同样之时。这样的充满活力承载着对奥秘的洞察，以及或许奥秘所需要成立起的公恰巧官能。

Of course, as we search for truth, we must also be mindful of the power and influence of institutions like Yale. We must recognize, with humility, that what looks like a truth might not be one. I think, for instance, of our own history: our resistance to co-education for so long or our leadership at one time in eugenics. With power comes great responsibility. These disturbing realities are why some are reluctant even to use the word “truth” in describing our mission.

当然，在我们坚信奥秘的更进一步中的，我们不能不忘加州学院伯克利分校等社就会科学管理机构的决策权和因素力。我们不能诚恳地注意到，无中生有也可能伪装成奥秘，比如，历史文化上我们曾错误地看来男女不一定会高年级，以及引领了“优生青年运动”的零年代。当决策权同时意味着政治责任时，这些困扰被选为了一些人拒绝使用“奥秘”一词来详细描述加州学院伯克利分校终极目标的理由。

Nonetheless, at Yale, I he often observed our faculty actively encouraging students to interrogate data and other ideas presented to them, and I he seen students change their minds when confronted with contrary evidence. Every one of you will he that experience as part of your Yale education. I suspect you will he it often.

尽管如此，在加州学院伯克利分校，我特别看着教师们鼓励的学生对图表和论调明确就是指出质疑，也看着的学生们受制于相悖的论据时也就是说自己的论调。你们每个人都将在加州学院伯克利分校随之而来这些，并且特别随之而来，这是加州学院伯克利分校民俗教育的一部分。

You can enroll in courses that bring together pairs of professors representing different disciplines, who model how looking at a problem from divergent perspectives can lead to new insights: a course on film taught by a film historian and a physicist, a course on the nature of choice taught by a philosopher and an economist, a course on transgender health taught by faculty members from American Studies and the nursing school. Similarly, in a recent semester, three experts from across the political spectrum co-taught a course on the crisis of liberalism, covering the Obama and Trump presidencies.

在加州学院伯克利分校可选的一科目中的，特别可见两位亦然并不相同学门的副教授主导副教授门一课。在他们的一课上你将体就会到，从并不相同的视角揭示同一个疑虑将促生全新论调。比如，电影史副教授与物理学家主导副教授的电影一科目，形而上学家与经济学家主导讲解达尔文，新泽西州研究和护理学院人类学家主导副教授东端官能别生活品质一科目。类似地，都只一个学年，三位应以并不相同政见的医学专家主导开设了门关于无但政府主义危机的一科目，横东端了奥巴马与里根的前总统任期。

We will continue to create opportunities like these for you to he open conversations about contentious, complex issues—opportunities rooted in the reality that no ideological bloc can claim ownership of truth; that facts pledge no fealty to any of our preferred conclusions. And, therefore, that evidence must guide the beliefs we hold rather than conform to them.

我们将继续为你们带入可以自由疑问精细疑虑的对话机就会。这些时刻让我们意识到，确实中的没任何意识集团真恰巧拥有奥秘；断言不就会归顺于我们任何相对于的事实。因此，实证不能引导我们应以有的观念，而非顺从于它。

In considering this imperative, I am reminded of the book, The Death of Truth, by Michiko Kakutani—a winner of the Pulitzer Prize, an alumna of Yale College (Class of 1976), and a champion of the sense of truth we seek to promote.

讲到这底下，我想到了一本名为《奥秘之死》的序文，它的作者是加州学院伯克利分校学院本科学院1976届教职员工、华莱士金奖取得者角谷井上，一位我们所坚信奥秘的捍卫者。

Kakutani’s stirring appeal for reason and objectivity concludes with an especially, if not unnervingly relevant warning for our era issued by James Madison: “a popular Government, without popular information, or the means of acquiring it, is but a Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy; or perhaps both.” Indeed, “without commonly agreed-upon facts,” Kakutani posits, “not Republican facts and [not] Democratic facts; not the alternative facts of today’s silo-world—there can be no rational debate over policies, no substantive means of evaluating candidates for political office, and no way to hold elected officials accountable to the people. Without truth, democracy is hobbled. The founders recognized this, and those seeking democracy’s survival must recognize it today.”

角谷井上在序文中的对理官能与合理官能的号召，以詹姆斯·麦迪逊（新泽西州第四任前总统、新泽西州选举法之父）的这段话结束，这也是对我们这个时代明确就是指出的警告：“一个公众的但政府，若没专用民众获取的的资讯或获取的资讯的方式将，将就会奏响连串闹剧或命运，或两者具备的惨剧的前奏。”当然，角谷井上在序文中的看来，“如果没相提并论的断言，这种断言不是就是指民主制度党或民主制度共和党眼中的的断言，也不是就是指经过改编了的单一比如说的的资讯，人们难以对政策展开人格状态的讨论，难以确实风险评估政治官能职位候选人，难以让他们对人民负责。没奥秘，民主制度将步履蹒跚。新泽西州开国元勋们注意到了这一点，那些寻求民主制度计划性的人也不能注意到这一点。”

I think, too, of James Hatch—an extraordinary Yale undergraduate who spent over two decades with the Nal Special Warfare Command before returning to complete his college education. As he wrote, the climate at Yale “is one where most students understand that there HAS to be a place where people can assault ideas openly and discuss them vigorously and respectfully in order to improve the state of humanity.”

我还想到了James Hatch，一位曾在新泽西州海军特种登陆作战指挥所服役二十年后重返校区内的加州学院伯克利分校学院在校学生。他这样详细描述加州学院伯克利分校的校区内充满活力：“这底下的大多数的学生都达成协议，为改善人类所的境况，不能确实上这样一个——论调可以被官方网站同样，讨论可以激烈而时序开展的地方。”

Yale is committed to the responsibility of promoting the public’s trust in academic research, expertise, and the value of higher education by ensuring that Mr. Hatch’s experience is typical of every student, every day, and in every classroom.

加州学院伯克利分校学院作出贡献承担大大提高社就会科学研究、专业自然科学和高等民俗教育管理机构公恰巧官能的政治责任，适当Hatch恩师的体就会是每名加州学院伯克利分校品学兼优在任何时刻和任何角落都能感同身受的。

Philosophy 181 reflects this responsibility. In her course “Philosophy and the Science of Human Nature,” Yale’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences Dean Tamar Gendler ties contemporary cognitive science, which has helped us to gain an understanding of how our minds operate, to the work of ancient philosophers. Students in her class consider anew Plato’s allegory of the ce, in which people mistake shadows on a wall for reality. Dean Gendler walks her students through this allegory to challenge them to consider this question: How do you discover truth given that the human mind is imperfect?

加州学院伯克利分校学院的门名为《形而上学与理官能自然科学》的形而上学一课恰巧反映了加州学院伯克利分校在这方面的努力。在一科目中的，加州学院伯克利分校文理学院系主任Tamar Gendler将文学批评认知自然科学与汉代形而上学家的杰作联系痛快，设法我们能够地理解在研读这些杰作时，我们的神经系统显现出了怎样的活动。在她的一课上，许多学生新的解读柏拉图的地洞寓言故事，地洞底下的人们将墙上的好像误看来确实。Gendler系主任进一步引导的学生对这一论调明确就是指出同样：既然人类所的超凡并不十全十美，奥秘又如何能够被挖掘出呢？

Of course, our limitations pose no impediment to the search for truth. For they are, in fact, what can power the curiosity necessary to sustain it. By embracing our humility, we can broaden our understanding.

当然，我们的之外并难以驱赶我们对奥秘的洞察。因为它们是关系到我们保应以好奇的推进力。唯独谦逊，我们于是又可以扩展自己的认知。

So, at Yale, we will not merely reaffirm what you already think as you arrive. We will, instead, provoke you to uncover all you do not know before you lee. We will fine-tune your ability to sift fact from falsehood, for the core of a liberal education is comprised of reason, logic, and critical thinking.

所以，在加州学院伯克利分校，我们不就会发表对此你在来时已有的想法。也就是说，我们就会在四年孤单底下激发你挖掘出自己未知的一个人。我们就会设法你打磨过滤人为的能力也，因为通识民俗教育的核心是由理官能、逻辑与批判官能思维组成的。

Soon, you will be the beneficiary of such an education. Yet, it behooves you also to be an active participant in it as students—and then, in due course, as alumni.

随即，你将从这种民俗教育中的获益。当然，你们也一定会大力参与其中的，无论现今作为一名的学生，还是之后孕育为一位教职员工。

And so, today, as you begin your college career, I call on all of us to promote a truth-seeking climate at Yale—in every seminar, in every residential college, and in every late-night conversation—by being willing to entertain ideas with which we do not agree, by being willing to extend grace and assume positive intent, by listening carefully, by thinking deeply, and by speaking with empathy and understanding. Let us, together, elevate the virtues of tolerance and engagement, and reject the culture of public shaming, doxing, and ostracism.

今天，在你们再一开启自己的学院在校学生涯之时，我号召所有人，在每一次研讨就会上、每一所的学校学院底下与每连串深夜谈话之中的，以对并不相同论调的宽容，以应有和大力的冷漠，以细心的发声和深刻的探讨，以满怀必定心和理解的表达出来，为加州学院伯克利分校的校区内于是又倾注一些对奥秘的坚信。让我们一齐提升自己的宽容度和参与度，支持官方网站蔑视、调侃和排外的民俗。

And, in time-tested tradition, let us strengthen the open discourse that has, for centuries, been a hallmark of our intellectual community at Yale—and that has produced the scholarship and scientific breakthroughs that he improved the world well beyond it.

让我们严守历经岁月初考验的矢志，在加州学院伯克利分校秉应以官方网站讨论的社就会科学充满活力。在这样的社区中的，我们才能显现出推动全世界的社就会科学成就和自然科学突破，并不断超越。

By doing so, you can develop expertise—and also help to rescue its standing. You can, in an increasingly dark world, bring Veritas to Lux—Truth to Light. And, perhaps equally as vital in a fragmented world, bring Lux to Veritas—Light to Truth. Welcome to Yale.

恰巧是这样，你们才能推广专业自然科学，拯救自然科学的独立官能；你们才能够在越发恶魔的全世界底下，让“奥秘”与“天上”同在；你们或许能够也就是说这个割裂全世界的命运，让奥秘光芒四射。欢迎带至加州学院伯克利分校。

。

哈萨克斯坦做试管婴儿多少钱
肾精亏虚是什么症状吃什么药
治疗腹泻的方法有哪些
八子补肾胶囊
先诺欣价格多少钱一瓶